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A Geiger-Muller (GM) detector works on the principle that the ionizing radiation interacts with a charged gas, knocks off an electron, and that electron cascades into more electrons, inducing a pulse in the positively charged anode, which is then detected and counted by the electronics.

A scintillation detector work on the priciple that ionizing radiation interacts with some kind of scintillating material, such as Thallium Doped Sodium Iodide, producing a light pulse (gamma burst) that is detected by a photomultiplier tube, and then detected and counted by the electronics.

In both cases, you can operate in cascade mode, where you simply count every event, or you can operate in linear mode, where you also measure the energy of the events, quantifying the effective dose, or building a spectral representation of the radiation field.

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