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The simplest capacitor is just two parallel metal plates, not touching. When a battery is connected across the plates, the plates become charged, with electric charges sitting facing each other, positive ones on the positive plate and negative on the negative. When the battery is removed, the charges stay where they are so the capacitor is a way to store electric charge and energy, a bit like a rechargeable battery.
Supposing the battery was 1 v and the charge is +1 coulomb on one plate and -1 coulomb on the other. That means the capacitor has a capacitance of 1 Farad.
The amount of charge a capacitor can store is given by the formula Q = CxV in other words the charge is the capacitance times the voltage. So a large capacitance can store more charge for the same voltage.
With the 2-plate capacitor the capacitance increases if the plates are bigger and also if they are closer together.
Larger capacitance can be produced by using two sets of interleaved plates. Each set has all its plates connected together, and there is dielectric insulation between all the plates.
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