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Air conditioning is refrigeration: the removal of heat from the air. Almost all forms use evaporation, the process by which a liquid turns to a gas and in the process absorbs heat energy.

Two of the major forms of cooling are:

Evaporative Cooling

Water is allowed to evaporate on a surface, absorbing heat. This is used in "swamp coolers" and in commercial "chillers" that work with mechanical refrigeration.

Mechanical Refrigeration

A liquid refrigerant (generically called freon) is circulated through a chamber where it is allowed to expand. This expansion causes liquid to evaporate into gas as the molecules absorb heat. The gas is then mechanically compressed to a liquid again, where it loses its heat outside the system. (Household refrigerators transfer this heat through coils to the kitchen air, while window and central air conditioners release their heat outdoors.)

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Thermoelectric Cooling

Small portable coolers can also use electrically-driven coolers that create a heat flux to withdraw energy as electric current, albeit inefficiently.

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