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It is an alloy, meaning it's a mix of two or more metals, of Iron (Fe) and between 0.2% to 2.1% Carbon (C) content. Sometimes other elements instead of carbon are used for the doping as well. When Iron is doped with Carbon, they become stronger and harder but also more brittle. Extremely high carbon steel can break like glass, while extremely low carbon steel would bend under stress.

Metalsmiths alter the Carbon content of Iron so that a balance between strength and brittleness is achieved for their purpose; high quality knife/sword often has different Carbon content in different points, usually they have a lower carbon core (so it can bend without breaking into two) with a higher Carbon edge (so they can stay sharp).

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