hence the magnetic moments, of the electrons are aligned in
the same direction.
Let us see a look to superconductivity, may be it becomes more clear.
Most, but not all, conductors of electrical current, when cooled sufficiently in the direction of absolute zero (0 oK, -273.15 oC), become superconductors.
The superconducting state itself is one in which there iszeroelectrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism (Of or relating to a substance that is repelled by a magnet.) This means that current flowing through a superconducting circuit does not experience i2R heating (current squared times the
resistance), and the current can flow indefinitely.
How the Cooper pairs are formed is obviously a critical factor in superconductivity. One theory is an electron passing by the crystal lattice of atoms in the conductor distorts the lattice in such a way the next electron is attracted to the lattice distortion. Or instead of the electron-pairing being mediated by lattice vibrations, the interaction of the conduction electrons may be due to charge or electron spin fluctuationsin some electronic subsystem.
The interaction of an electron with the positively charged ions in the crystalline lattice causes a "disturbance", which affects a second electron as it passes by. In certain situations (whatever that means!) the electrons experience an attractive force between them which is stronger than the normal Coulomb repulsion -- and the two electrons form a Cooper pair.
"Electrons of opposite spin and momentum form isotropic or 's-wave' pairs.
A material that is a superconductor contains one vibrational frequency within it, a lot like a laser. The light flows perpetually within the system. No where in the system is there any voltage. You can't hook up a wire here and a wire there to the superconductor and get current to flow in and out of it, because to get current off of the wire, you've got to have a voltage, and yet by definition a superconductor won't allow any voltage. So the material's a perfect insulator, not just a superconductor. But if you resonant frequency tune the wire so that the electrons vibrate at the same frequency as the superconductor, then the electrons will flow on as light, as electron pairs. They will pair up and flow on, because they're seeking the path of least resistance which is the superconductor."
Recent measurements on a class of high Tc superconductors (HTSCs) have shown that Cooper-pairs wavefunction is ad-wave, while in another class,d-wave and s-wave may coexist. Conventional low-Tc superconductors are s-wave superconductors.
"Electrical resistance is zero because the Cooper pair condensate moves as a coherent quantum mechanical entity, which lattice vibrations and impurities cannot disrupt by scattering individual Cooper pairs in the same way they scatter single electrons in a conductor."
unconventional electron-pairing mechanism mediated not by lattice vibrations but by interaction of the conduction electrons with charge or electron
spin (magnetic) fluctuations in some electronic subsystem.
And an example of anti-parallel spin:
Anti-F
erromagnetic Phenomenon in some magnetically ordered materials in which there is an anti-parallel alignment of spins in two interpenetrating structures so that there is no overall bulk spontaneous magnetization.
Antiparallel forces are forces that act in opposite directions along the same line of action. This means that the forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. In a free-body diagram, antiparallel forces are typically represented using arrows pointing in opposite directions along a straight line.
Velocity is antiparallel to acceleration when an object is moving in the opposite direction of the acceleration. This means that the object is slowing down due to the acceleration acting in the opposite direction to the object's motion.
First of all, you have to define what you mean by "vector product".-- The "dot product" is zero if the vectors are perpendicular, regardless of their magnitudes.-- The "cross product" is zero if the vectors are collinear or opposite, regardless of their magnitudes.-- Perhaps when you say "product", you mean the "result" of two vectors, whicha mathematician or physicist would cal their "sum".The sum of two vectors is zero if their magnitudes are equal and their directionsdiffer by 180 degrees.An infinite number of other possibilities exist for a sum of zero, depending on themagnitudes and directions of two vectors.
protein secondary structures, which are common motifs found in protein folding. Alpha helices are formed by a right-handed coil of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonding, while beta-pleated sheets are formed by hydrogen bonding between adjacent strands of amino acids running in parallel or antiparallel orientation.
In the high energy state of atoms in a magnetized substance, the magnetic moments of the atoms align parallel to the applied magnetic field. This alignment is the result of the energy minimized configuration, where the atoms' magnetic moments align in the direction of the magnetic field to reduce the overall energy of the system.
The two main allotropes of dihydrogen are orthohydrogen and parahydrogen. Orthohydrogen has hydrogen molecules with parallel spins while parahydrogen has molecules with antiparallel spins.
Antiparallel beta sheets are generally stronger in protein structures compared to parallel beta sheets.
In parallel alignment, magnetic fields run in the same direction, while in antiparallel alignment, they run in opposite directions.
Antiparallel forces are forces that act in opposite directions along the same line of action. This means that the forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. In a free-body diagram, antiparallel forces are typically represented using arrows pointing in opposite directions along a straight line.
In the context of magnetic fields, parallel alignment means that the magnetic fields of two objects are pointing in the same direction, while antiparallel alignment means they are pointing in opposite directions.
Antiparallel refers to a configuration where two molecules or structures run in opposite directions. In terms of DNA, antiparallel describes the orientation of the two strands running in opposite 5' to 3' directions. This allows for complementary base pairing to occur between the strands.
In a parallel beta sheet, the strands run in the same direction, while in an antiparallel beta sheet, the strands run in opposite directions. This affects the hydrogen bonding pattern and overall stability of the protein structure.
Ortho hydrogen and para hydrogen are different forms of molecular hydrogen. The main difference lies in the spin states of the hydrogen nuclei. Ortho hydrogen has parallel spins, while para hydrogen has antiparallel spins. This results in different nuclear magnetic properties and distinct reactivity in chemical reactions.
An antiparallel is a line which forms equal angles with two other lines but in opposite directions.
Velocity is antiparallel to acceleration when an object is moving in the opposite direction of the acceleration. This means that the object is slowing down due to the acceleration acting in the opposite direction to the object's motion.
Antiparallel has a variety of meanings depending on what the subject matter is. For example, in biochemistry, it means the orientation of adjacent molecules. In traffic, its two parallel one-way streets that have traffic travelling in opposite directions.
In DNA, the description "antiparallel" refers to the arrangement of the two strands running in opposite directions. One strand runs from 5' (five prime) to 3' (three prime) while the other runs from 3' to 5'. This arrangement allows for complementary base pairing between the strands, essential for DNA replication and stability.