Diamond, because it refracted the light the most.
Diamond is the most dense medium among glass, water, and diamond. This is because density is a measure of how much mass is packed into a given volume, and diamond has a higher atomic packing density compared to water and glass, making it the most dense material.
A real diamond sinks in water because its high density makes it heavier than water. This can be a simple test to help differentiate real diamonds from fake ones, as impostors like cubic zirconia or glass are less dense and will float.
Light usually travels at a constant speed, c, which is roughly 186000 miles per second. When it passes through a transparent medium, such as glass, it slows slightly. However, it will return to c after leaves the glass. Photons have no intrinsic mass, so no force is required to re-accelerate them. They always travel at the speed of light in the medium in which they're traveling.
The critical angle of light passing from glass to water is minimum when the light is passing from a denser medium (glass) to a rarer medium (water), which is when the light travels along the normal. At this orientation, the critical angle is the smallest possible value for the glass-water interface.
No, a glass of water is not a mechanical wave. Mechanical waves require a medium to travel through (such as water or air) and involve the actual movement of particles in that medium. A glass of water itself is a container holding the water, not a wave.
Diamond is the most dense medium among glass, water, and diamond. This is because density is a measure of how much mass is packed into a given volume, and diamond has a higher atomic packing density compared to water and glass, making it the most dense material.
glass of water
Refraction is the bending of light beams when it goes from a more dense to a less dense medium, like glass and water. Or the other way around, too. Refraction can also occur with radio waves.
Generally, glass is more dense than water. (There are some types of glass which are less dense.) You can demonstrate this by gently placing a glass full of water in the sink or tub; the glass will sink, indicating that glass is more dense than water. If the glass were to float, we would know that the glass were less dense. Try this with plastic cup; the plastic is normally less dense, and will float.
The denser the medium, the faster sound travels through it. Glass (silicon oxide) is fairly dense, and sound waves propagate through it faster than they do through air or water.
In water
A real diamond sinks in water because its high density makes it heavier than water. This can be a simple test to help differentiate real diamonds from fake ones, as impostors like cubic zirconia or glass are less dense and will float.
Light usually travels at a constant speed, c, which is roughly 186000 miles per second. When it passes through a transparent medium, such as glass, it slows slightly. However, it will return to c after leaves the glass. Photons have no intrinsic mass, so no force is required to re-accelerate them. They always travel at the speed of light in the medium in which they're traveling.
I'm guessing the light ray is coming from air. When light passes from air to water, glass or plastic, the light ray "Refracts" meaning it bends towards the medium (The middle). However this is only the case when the second material the light passes through is denser than the original. In your case, air AND vacuum are less dense, infact they are the most dense with a density level of 1. Something like water on the other hand has a density of 1.33 meaning the ray of light that travels from air to water will bend towards the medium. Lets take another example using one of the material stated in the question, I will continue using water as an example and... Crown glass. Remember water's density level is 1.33 and crown glass has a density level of 1.52. Lets say the light ray travels through water first this time which is known as incident ray and will pass into crown glass. Because crown glass is more dense than water, the ray will bend towards the medium. Ok now lets flip the question around, if the light ray passed through the crown glass first then refracted into water, the complete opposite would now happen; because crown glass is more and water is less dense, the ray this time will bend AWAY from the medium.
Diamonds have an extremely high index of refraction, the property that makes a spoon in a cup of water look bent at the point where the water meets the air. It causes light that enters the diamond come back out at different angles, and some of the light reflects within the diamond for a while before coming back out (it's the same phenomenon as when you look at the surface of the water in a fish tank from a very shallow angle below the surface and it looks like a mirror, except to a greater angle). Light traveling from a less dense medium, like air, into a more dense medium, like a diamond, is bent toward the normal, the imaginary line perpendicular to the surface where the two media meet at the point where the light enters. Light going from a more dense medium to a less dense medium is bent away from the normal. Also, different colors (wavelengths) are bent different amounts, which is how a prism works and why sunlight reflecting off the insides of raindrops creates a rainbow.
The critical angle of light passing from glass to water is minimum when the light is passing from a denser medium (glass) to a rarer medium (water), which is when the light travels along the normal. At this orientation, the critical angle is the smallest possible value for the glass-water interface.
Anything that light will penetrate is a medium light will travel through. Any such medium will slow light down, to a certain degree. Window glass slows light down somewhat. Water slows light down a bit more. A diamond slows light down greatly (part of the reason for the "fire" in a diamond.)