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Actually, they cannot be observed even in a vacuum tube. In a CRT, or cathode ray tube, electrons (this is what "cathode rays" are) are emitted by a heated cathode that is at a negative potential, accelerated by being attracted to a very high positive voltage and magnetically steered so they impact a screen coated with phosphors. When the beam hits the phosphor coating, the phosphor emits visible light. This is what we see, not the electron beam itself. Electrons are free to travel in a vacuum, but they are quickly stopped in air by interacting with all the atoms of gas floating about. This is one reason the air is removed in a CRT, not to mention the hot cathode would almost instantly burn out if air (containing oxygen) were present.

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Q: Why can cathode rays be observed and manipulated within a vacuum tube and not in air?
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