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Once there is any instability, a high pressure zone on one side of the flag moves the fabric, and the wind interacts with the fabric to translate the bumped out region in the downweb direction. Meanwhile the fabric interacts with the wind to increase the flow into the high pressure area and make the bumping out effect stronger. The displacement of the fabric travels toward the free end of the flag as a moving wave, and the free end flops back and forth, approximately following an arc around a point near the end of the flag. This travel in an arc creates a tension in the end of the flag (from the point of view of a coordinate system based on the flag, this would be centrifugal force). The coupling of wind energy into this traveling wave is what powers the fabric motion, much as it powers surf energy by coupling into ocean waves.

I'd consider this a problem from the field of mechanical engineering, more specifically an example of fluid-structure interaction (fsi). To model it effectively would require coupled models, one of them a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and the other a mechanical model including the tension, mass, velocity, and possibly stiffness of the points in the flag. This is somewhat hard work.

Seems totally out of place in a chemistry exam, unless they want some sort of trick answer like solar energy driving the cycle of winds on Earth.

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