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The molecules of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases that make up air are moving around at incredible speeds, colliding with each other and all other objects. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving. As the air is heated, the molecules speed up, which means they push harder against their surroundings.

If the air is in a balloon, heating it will expand the balloon, cooling it will cause the balloon to shrink as the molecules slow down. If the heated air is surrounded by nothing but air, it will push the surrounding air aside. As a result, the amount of air in a particular "box" decreases when the air is heated if the air is free to escape from the box. In the free atmosphere, the air's density decreases as the air is heated.

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How do you determine the takeoff speed?

The takeoff speed of an aircraft is calculated based on factors such as aircraft weight, air density, aircraft configuration, and runway length. Pilots refer to the aircraft's performance charts or manuals to determine the specific takeoff speed required for a given situation. Aerospace engineers also use computational methods and simulations to calculate takeoff speeds during aircraft design and testing.


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Yes, there is less oxygen in humid air compared to dry air.


Is it possible to stop an aircraft in the air?

Stopping an aircraft in the air is not something we can normally do. An aircraft must move in air to create lift across its wings to stay aloft. There are some exceptions to the rule, like rotocraft (often called helicopters) and a few other aircraft. But it is the effect of the wing moving through the air that keeps "regular" aircraft flying.


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Aircraft measure two kinds of speed, air speed and speed over ground. Air speed is measured by the flow of air one way or another. Speed over ground can nowadays easily be measured by GPS. Or the Old fashioned way of checking the time it takes to pass from one land mark to another.


Why is thrust so important in aviation?

In aviation, thrust is the force along the axis of the aircraft which moves it through the air. Together with drag, lift and weight, it is one of the four forces required to make an aircraft fly.

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