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Many factors encourage this substitution. BUT not all - many high power vacuum tubes are still used.

The reasons for the substitution include weight, power consumed, reliability, space requirements, high frequency response, the ability to form complex circuitry on a single substrate. (e.g. a microprocessor).

Cost and miniaturisation were also driving factors.

Transistors are cheaper to make and take up less room.

Ironically Vacuum tubes are LESS susceptible to EMP caused by nuclear explosions. So are sometimes used in (Russian) jet fighter electronics.

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