The stiffening agent in vascular plants is primarily lignin. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that provides structural support, helping plants maintain their rigidity and resist deformation. It is found in the cell walls of vascular tissues, particularly in tracheids and vessel elements, contributing to the overall strength and durability of the plant.
Non-vascular plants
Grass
mosses and liverworts
Non-vascular plants (mosses and their relatives), Seedless vascular plants (ferns and their relatives), Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), and Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Pteridophytes or Pteridophyta describes seedless, vascular plants that use spores to reproduce.
A common vascular plant is the fern. Ferns are non-flowering plants that reproduce through spores and have vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. They are often found in moist, shady areas.
Non vascular plants consist of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are normally found in moist places with a lot of rainfall.
the simpler of tracheophytes is cell wall
Primitive vascular plants are also know as a pteridophytes but fern is their more common name. The ferns life cycle is split between sporophytes phases and free-living gametophytes unlike other vascular plants.
The Phylum of plants with a vascular system is known as "Tracheophyta." This group includes ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms that have specialized tissues for conducting water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Gymnosperms - 'naked seed'. But that does not include mosses, which are plants, but do not have true seeds. Ferns are vascular plants, but don't have seeds either.
Columbines have flowers and therefore seeds. They are vascular plants. The other names for this plant is Aquilegia, or granny's connet. The Latin name Aquilegia comes from the shape of the flower that looks like an eagle's claw.