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War Communism, implemented during the Russian Civil War (1918-1921), involved the nationalization of industry, forced requisitioning of agricultural produce, and centralized control of the economy to support the Red Army. In contrast, Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in 1921 relaxed state control, allowing for limited private enterprise and small-scale farming, while the state retained control over major industries. The NEP aimed to revive the economy by incentivizing production and trade, addressing the severe economic crisis that followed War Communism. Essentially, War Communism was characterized by strict state control, while the NEP represented a pragmatic retreat towards capitalism to foster economic recovery.

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