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Aristotle's contributions to modern political theory include his emphasis on the importance of virtue and the role of the polis (city-state) in achieving human flourishing. His work, particularly in "Politics," laid the groundwork for understanding different forms of governance and the concept of citizenship. Cicero, on the other hand, contributed to political thought through his ideas on natural law and the importance of justice in governance, advocating for a mixed government model that blends elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Together, their ideas have greatly influenced concepts of ethics, justice, and the role of the state in contemporary political discourse.

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