Who initiated the use of executive agreements in foreign policy matters?

What are executive agreements and how they have changed the constitutional relationship between the president and congress?

Executive agreements are international agreements made by the president without the need for Senate approval, distinct from treaties which require a two-thirds vote in the Senate. Over time, the use of executive agreements has expanded, allowing presidents to bypass Congress on foreign policy matters, thereby altering the constitutional balance of power. This shift has increased the executive branch's authority, enabling presidents to act more decisively in international affairs, often leading to tensions over the traditional role of Congress in foreign policy. As a result, the legislative branch's influence on international agreements has diminished in practice.

Where do presidents get their power to make executive agreements?

Presidents derive their power to make executive agreements from the U.S. Constitution, particularly from the presidential authority to conduct foreign affairs. While Article II, Section 2 grants the president the power to make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate, executive agreements can be made unilaterally without Senate approval, as they are considered a tool for managing international relations. This practice has been upheld by historical precedent and judicial interpretation, allowing presidents to act swiftly in foreign matters.

What is the Case Act of 1972?

The case act requires the secretary of state to submit to the senate the final text of any executive agreement and allows agreements concerning sensitive national security matters to be submitted privately to the Senate Foreign Relations and House Foreign Affairs committees.

Why Presidents use executive agreements with heads of foreign states instead of the formal treaty process?

An executive agreement or understanding with a foreign leader might serve the immediate purpose of a treaty and lead to a formal treaty between the respective nations. A treaty requires the approval of the Senate and may be much harder to negotiate than an agreement between two men. (It also may be easier to break or worm out of if the situation changes or new information comes to light.)

Functions of executive?

The executive is one of the departments of government that is designed in law matters. The function of the executive can be a head of state, foreign minister, and head of government, justice minister or defense minister.

What is the Presidents role in foreign affairs?

The President is responsible for setting foreign policy goals, representing the United States in international relations, negotiating treaties and agreements with other countries, and overseeing the implementation of foreign policy decisions through agencies like the State Department and Department of Defense. They also have the authority to appoint ambassadors, issue executive orders, and make decisions on matters of national security and diplomacy.

How does the president pass a treaty with a foreign nation?

The president or his designated representative, such as the Secretary of State, has the exclusive authority to communicate with other nations, recognize foreign governments, receive ambassadors, and make executive agreements. Throughout U.S. history, Congress and the courts have granted the president great deference in conducting foreign policy. This deference is based, in part, on the need for one person, rather than 535 members of Congress, to represent and speak for a national constituency. These powers were illustrated in the aftermath of the september 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. President george w. bush warned the Taliban government of Afghanistan to surrender Osama bin Laden and other terrorists or face the possibility of war. In the months leading up to the March 2003 invasion of Iraq, President Bush, Secretary of State Colin Powell, and other representatives lobbied the United Nations for support of the U.S. position on Iraq. In addition to the authority to recognize foreign governments, the president is empowered by Article II to make treaties with foreign nations, subject to the consent of the Senate. A treaty is an agreement between two or more nations containing promises to behave in specified ways. Executive agreements are international compacts that the president makes with foreign nations without the approval of the Senate. They do not have the same legal status as treaties unless they are subsequently ratified by the Senate. The Constitution does not expressly give the president the power to make executive agreements. However, this power has been inferred from the president's general constitutional authority over foreign affairs. At one time, executive agreements involved minor matters, such as postal relations and the use of radio frequencies. Since the 1930s, however, presidents have negotiated important foreign policy issues through these agreements rather than through treaties. The Supreme Court has recognized that an executive agreement is legally equivalent to a treaty and therefore the supreme law of the land. Executive agreements enable the president to achieve results while avoiding the uncertainty of treaty ratification.

Which department is primarily responsible for matters of foreign policy?

The Department of State is primarily responsible for matters of foreign policy in the United States.

How has the U.S. foreign policy on economic matters affected other countries?

U.S. foreign policy on economic matters has significantly influenced global trade dynamics and investment patterns. Policies such as sanctions, trade agreements, and foreign aid have shaped the economic landscapes of many countries, often encouraging alignment with U.S. interests or leading to economic isolation for those that diverge. For instance, sanctions on nations like Iran and Venezuela have restricted their economic growth, while trade agreements like NAFTA have integrated neighboring economies. Overall, U.S. economic policies can either foster growth and cooperation or exacerbate tensions and disparities among nations.

What group advises the president on foreign and domestic matters?

The group that advises the president on foreign and domestic matters is known as the Cabinet. Composed of the heads of the executive departments, such as State, Defense, and Treasury, the Cabinet provides expert advice and assistance to the president in implementing policies and making decisions. Additionally, the president may also seek counsel from the National Security Council (NSC) for issues specifically related to national security and foreign policy.

What are functions of employees working in the white house office?

Advise the President on foreign, domestic, and defense matters.

What about independent executive agencies is not true?

They advise the President on policy matters.