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Some psychologists may disagree with Erikson and Marcia's theories due to differences in their theoretical perspectives or research findings that challenge the validity of their theories. Additionally, there may be criticisms about the generalizability of their theories to different cultural or developmental contexts. Critics may also argue that their theories oversimplify the complexities of human development.

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Why does an identity crisis occur?

According to Erik Erickson, when there is an identity crisis, the individual prefers a negative identity over none at all. James Marcia built on that, saying that there are at least three causes of identity crisis.1. Identity foreclosure - That is when you have been groomed into an assumed identity and then that identity becomes impossible. So the old rules of existing no longer apply, but there's nothing to replace them.2. Identity diffusion - That is where the person gets stuck in a state of inaction.3. Identity moratorium - That is an active state where the person is stuck. They keep seeking for their identity and never get anywhere during the period of crisis. For instance, a college student might constantly change their major, since they don't know who they are and keep trying to discover themselves.


Where can you study psychodrama?

If you want to study psychodrama and you live in Europe, then first visit the Federation of European Psychodrama Training Organisations at www.fepto.eu If you are living in the UK, the best you can do is visit the British Psychodrama Association at www.psychodrama.org.uk If you are in hurry trust, Marcia Karp, one of the best Psychodramatists worldwide, J.S. Moreno and Zerka Moreno student at www.marciakarp.org If you happen to be in Greece just visit http://psychodramainstitute.gr Its the Athens Psychodrama Institute where you can find many on going educational and therapeutic programs. Marcia Karp is currently an educator in one of the programs.


What is the difference between stereotypes and prejudices?

Answer 1Prejudging a person implies that they are considered guilty of something negative. When a person is stereotyped, it can unfairly attribute either good qualities or bad qualities....For instance...If you think that all blondes get confused eating m&m's because they find w's in the bag, you are demonstrating prejudice.If you think that all 7-footers are automatically good at Basketball, you are demonstrating stereotyping.Answer 2A stereotype is a view that all or the overwhelming majority of a certain racial, ethnic, religious, or other group have a certain defining characteristic as a result of being members of that group. Stereotypes generally concern negative qualities, but can sometimes concern good qualities instead. Prejudice is the personal application of a stereotype to evaluate a person prior to actually meeting them.Stereotype examples: Blonds are dumb. Jews are miserly. Arabs are violent. Asians are smart. Blacks are poor.Prejudice example: Marcia is a blond, so she must be dumb. Mike is a Jew, so he must be miserly. Ahmed is an Arab, so he must be violent. Yu Qing is an Asian, so she must be smart. Roger is Black, so he must be poor.


What is meant by spatial ability?

Sex IDSpatial ability It's probably fair to say that we don't spend much time thinking about the way we view the world around us.Does the Sex ID angles task relate to map reading ability?But some scientists conduct detailed studies of how accurately we judge space - our spatial abilities - with paper and pencil tests. The Sex ID test included similar tests - the angles, 3D shapes and spot the difference tasks.Studies show that, on average, men are better than women at mentally rotating pictures of three dimensional objects (the 3D shapes task) or judging the slope of a line (the angles task).But scientists note that women outperform men at other tasks. For example, women are more likely to spot which of a group of objects has been moved to a new position (the spot the difference task).It's not fully known why men and women perform differently on spatial tasks.Studies have concluded that men tend to pay more attention to the way their surroundings are laid out, which may explain why they generally score better on tasks like 3D shapes and angles. Researchers have also found that, on average, men are better at finding compass orientations and rely on mental images of three dimensional spaces to find their way.Women were more likely to notice landmarks, which could be linked to their higher scores on the spot the difference task. Research has shown that women are more likely to use memorised routes and landmarks to stay on track.The Sex ID angles task tests spatial ability.Dr Marcia Collaer, a behavioral neuroscientist at Middlebury College in Vermont, says that the link between the angles task and navigation ability is not backed up with empirical evidence, but it is worth considering.Modern cavemenScientists try to come up with logical explanations for these puzzling results.One theory is that modern humans are still very similar to their prehistoric ancestors. In early times men spent lots of time hunting in unfamiliar territory where landmarks were less useful. Women, on the other hand, spent more time close to home foraging for food and they may have relied more on landmarks to find their way around.Testosterone and spatial abilityIt's also thought that the male sex hormone testosterone plays a role in spatial ability. One finding that supports this theory is that women with above average levels of testosterone in their body perform better at mental rotation tasks than women with average levels of testosterone.Most scientists think there's no real difference between men and women when it comes to total intelligence (commonly called IQ). It's just possible that our brains have evolved separately to meet the demands of our environment.


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