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One reason: because the Egyptians were taken aback by the high birthrate of the Israelites, and they used the slavery as part of an attempt at lowering the birthrate (see Exodus ch.1).

Deeper reason: as alluded in Deuteronomy 4:20, Egypt was the "iron furnace" in which gold is tested for dross. The hardships in Egypt tested the loyalty of the Israelites to God.

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The people of Israel had fled to Egypt to escape a drought. At first they were welcomed, but over time they became too numerous. Pharaoh, fearing the Israelites would become too powerful, enslaved them.

Exodus 1:5 - 11 The total number of these people directly descended from Jacob was seventy. His son Joseph was already in Egypt. In the course of time Joseph, his brothers, and all the rest of that generation died, but their descendants, the Israelites, had many children and became so numerous and strong that Egypt was filled with them. Then, a new king, who knew nothing about Joseph, came to power in Egypt. He said to his people, "These Israelites are so numerous and strong that they are a threat to us. In case of war they might join our enemies in order to fight against us, and might escape from the country. We must find some way to keep them from becoming even more numerous." So the Egyptians put slave drivers over them to crush their spirits with hard labor. The Israelites built the cities of Pithom and Rameses to serve as supply centers for the king.

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