An Arab, a Jew, or a Christian greeting an Israeli Arab say "Salaam". An Arab, a Jew, or a Christian greeting an Israeli Jew say "Shalom". Those words have the same origin and the same meaning.
Yes. The word just means peace. Anyone can say it to anyone.
You say shalom back. Shalom means hello. If you say "Shalom Shalom," it means mays Bye bye.
You could say shalom. However, most Jews would give you a strange look. Just say hello the same way you would anyone else.
Yes!
If you want to say 'hello' back, you simply respond in "shalom". If you want to ask the person how is he doing, you say "Ma Nish'ma?" (for both male and female).
Oh, dude, when someone says "shalom," you can just casually respond with "shalom" back at them. It's like saying "hello" or "peace be with you" in Hebrew. So, you know, keep the good vibes flowing and all that jazz.
It's hard to say. I just know that interfaith marriages have more problems.
You don't. You only say Shabbat shalom in Hebrew. If you are asking how French Jews greet each other on Shabbat, they say "Shabbat Shalom"
You say "Shabbat shalom" right back to them.
Yes, that's the customary response.
In Hebrew you say "Shalom" for piece.