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There's a great article on the shofar in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar

The first time of importance that is was used was when Moses was on Mt. Sinai:

Exodus 19:16:

And it came to pass on the third day, when it was morning, that there were thunders and lightnings and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of a horn* exceeding loud; and all the people that were in the camp trembled.

*shofar in the Hebrew text

It was the sound that brought the people together when Moses delivered the 10 commandments. It became the signaling device for people to be called together for various purposes, and in particular Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Ancient people used horns as signaling devices. Others who did not have horned animals used shells like the conch (Pacific Islanders in particular).

The shofar can be made of various kinds of horns, but why the ram in particular? In great part because the ram was the animal that God made appear to Abraham at the last moment "caught in the thicket by his horns" so that Abraham did not sacrifice Isaac but the ram instead. The ram became a prime animal sacrifice that when roasted (as a "burnt offering") would send a "sweet savor" (smell) to "the Lord". It also was an animal that was considered kosher (a conch shell is for an animal that is not!).

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Did Shlomo Goren blow the shofar at the kotel in 1967 YouTube?

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When did shofar start?

THE SHOFAR IS PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH ROSH HA‑SHANAH. Indeed, Rosh ha-Shanah is called Yom T'ru'ah (the day of the shofar blast). In the Mishnah (book of early Rabbinic laws derived from the Torah), a discussion centers around the centrality of the shofar in the time before the destruction of the Second Temple (70 C.O. Indeed, the shofar was the center of the ceremony, with two silver trumpets playing a lesser role. On other solemn holidays, fasts, and New Moon celebrations, two silver trumpets were featured, with one shofar playing a lesser role. The shofar is also associated with the Jubilee Year in which, every fifty years, Jewish Law provided for the release of all slaves,land, and debts. The sound of the shofar on Yom Kippur pro-claimed the Jubilee Year that provided the actual release of fi­nancial encumbrances.Halakhah (Jewish Law) rules that the shofar may not be sounded on the Sabbath due to the potential that the Ba'al T'kiyah (Shofar Sounder) may inadvertently carry it, which is ina class of forbidden Sabbath work. (R.H. 29b) The historical ex-planation is that in ancient Israel, the shofar was sounded on the8Shabbat in the Temple located in Jerusalem. After the Temple's de­struction, the sounding of the sho­far on the Sabbath was restricted to the place where the Great Sanhedrin (Jewish legislature and Court from 400 B.C.E. to 100 C.E.) was located. However, when the Sanhedrin ceased to exist, the sounding of the shofar on the Sabbath was discontinued (Kieval, The HighHoly Days, p. 114).Art Finkle