The most common reason for a Catholic annulment is the lack of proper consent or understanding at the time of marriage, which can invalidate the sacrament in the eyes of the Church.
The Catholic Church only investigates Church annulments, and, in the course of such investigation, does ask for testimonies from non-Catholics. But for the most part, the Church has no legal jurisdiction in most countries in the world in 2013. She must investigate if, for instance, a non-Catholic asks for an annulment for a previous marriage, if the non-Catholic is seeking an annulment from the Catholic Church, say, in order to marry a Catholic. Such investigation is carried on at the request of the non-Catholic, the particular legal status of such an investigation would be dependent on the country in which it was being carried out.
Depending on the grounds for annulment (i.e., the Catholic couple did not marry in the Catholic Church) an annulment may take only a few months. Catholics are forbidden to marry outside the Catholic Church. For example, if one or 2 Catholics were merely married by a Justice of the Peace ("the secular state"), no sacramental marriage existed in the first place. An annulment would still be required if the couple divorced and one or both wanted to marry another in the Catholic Church. That annulment, however, could be pretty easily and quickly attained. Most annulments take between 1 to 2 years to obtain. And, not all Catholic marriages can be annulled. There must be legitimate grounds on which to annul any marriage.
There are only a few reasons that a couple can get an annulment, fraud and a marriage that is unconsummated are two of the most common reasons for an annulment. A wife changing papers may qualify depending on what papers have been changed.
The answer depends upon whether the Catholic man's first marriage was canonically valid, and, if so, whether he has been granted an annulment. The marriage of a Catholic in a civil ceremony, for example, is not canonically valid in the eyes of the Church. In most cases, such a marriage would not require an annulment for a second marriage in the Church to take place. If, however, the first marriage was valid in the eyes of the Church, as for example, a Catholic wedding, then it will be necessary for the man's first marriage to be annuled before he can validly contract a second Catholic marriage.
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Yes, they most certainly do. You should call the parish priest as soon as possible to get the paperwork going, an annulment is not a sure thing, you must be able to prove that no valid marriage ever existed.
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