The Church refers to non-Catholic churches as ecclesial communities as they are not "churches" in the real sense of the word. Most of these now are '''protestant''' of one form or another and called that.
All churches have catechisms. In the catholic, there is called a Cathechisms in the Catholic church.
Missions
The rules that govern abstinence in the Catholic church also govern fasting. These rules are called the Code of Canon Law for Roman Catholic churches and the Code of Canons of Oriental Churches for Eastern Catholic churches.
In general, no. Most who take part in Ash Weds. are of Catholic background.
Catholics do not recognize non-catholic marriages as blessed or sacramental. Which sounds bad, but no other churches besides the Anglicans, Catholics, and Orthodox consider marriage a sacrament anyway.
the catholic church and started a new church called the lutheran church
You cannot be excommunicated for simply visiting another non-Catholic Church. However, you could excommunicate yourself if you go to a non-Catholic service rather than Sunday mass or were you to receive communion in a non-Catholic Church.
A vicar is a what a parish priest is called in the Anglican Church. Non-conformist churches, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists, URC, Pentecostals and so on use the title minister. Although not often found in Catholic churches in years past, parochial vicar is nowadays being used more and more as the term for what used to be called parish priest.
According to the Catholic Church, members of the orthodox Churches are technically schismatics, because they do not recognize the pope but have the same basic beliefs. Protestants are technically heretics because they do not believe certain doctrines of the Catholic Church.
No. Catholic Churches, just like many other in the United States, are classified as non-profit organizations. The US Government or any state government can not tax their property or income.
it is called a tabernackle, and it used in Catholic churches to hold the body and blood of Christ
This refers to Churches which emerged directly or indirectly from the Protestant Reformation and generally constitute traditional Protestantism. In common usage the term is used to refer to any Christian church other than the Catholic Church or the Eastern Orthodox Church. There are non-Roman Catholic and non-Eastern Orthodox churches which predate the Reformation. Protestants often refer to specific Protestant churches and groups as denominations. They are differently named parts of the whole reformation "church", as Protestants reject the Catholic doctrine of the Catholic Church. . There are many independent, non-aligned or non-denominational congregations outside Catholicism.