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War was part of life in ancient Israel, though the way it was waged changed drastically in the time between 1300-586BC. At first the soldiers were voluntary militia, then later an organized and disciplined army. Finally they were a desperate, defensive force against the Roman invaders. Before the reign of David, fighting took the form of skirmishes or raids. In this early period, the Israelites were experts at guerrilla fighting. They relied on surprise attacks that panicked their enemies.

These battles fall into the following two groups - roughly before the reign of David, and after it:

* the campaigns of Joshua, Book of Joshua

* the wars described in the Book of Judges: Ehud versus the Moabite king Eglon (Judges 3:12-30); Deborah and Barak versus Jabin of Hazor and his general Sisera (Judges 4 and 5); Gideon versus the Midianites (Judges 7:1-25); Samson versus the Philistines (Judges 13:1-16:31). These were all defensive battles fought with tribal militia.

* Saul's war with the Philistines, and David's conquests

* Israel under two great military kings, Omri and Ahab; Battle of Qarqar

* the siege of Samaria, and conquest by Sargon II of Assyria after a three-year siege. Deportation of the Jewish population (the 'lost ten tribes')

WEAPONS

There were four branches in the army: spearmen, swordsmen, archers, and slingers. Weapons used by these groups can be divided into two groups: those the soldier held and wielded at close quarters with the enemy, and those he projected, either with his arm or with the the help of some other centrifugal force, for example the sling.

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