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Cesare Beccaria believed in the principles of rationalism and utilitarianism, particularly in the context of criminal justice. He argued against brutal punishments and the death penalty, advocating for a legal system that focused on deterring crime through proportionate punishment rather than retribution. Beccaria emphasized the importance of social contracts and the need for laws to be clear and publicly known, aiming to protect individual rights while maintaining public order. His work laid the foundation for modern criminology and influenced legal reforms worldwide.

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