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Ushabtis (shabtis, shawabatis) (plural) were humanoid talismanic figurines buried in ancient Egyptian tombs which were supposed to perform labour for their master in the afterlife (eg to 'move the sand from the west to the east').

They first appeared in the Middle Kingdom, but are very scarce from this period, coming into frequent use in the 18th & 19th dynasties when fine quality pieces were made. Those dating from the Third Intermediate period tend to be quite crude, but there was a revival during the 25th/26th dynasties when pieces of high quality appear again.

In the Late Period as many as 400 may be found in one tomb, giving rise to the (inaccurate) statement that there was 'one for every day of the year'. Groups of thirty worker ushabtis were 'managed' by one overseer or reis shabti, who usually carried a whip and wore a protruding triangular skirt.

Ushabtis were most frequently made of 'faience', a ceramic material made from crushed quartz and plant ash, but are also found in wood, terracotta, stone and bronze amongst other materials.

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