According to the Biblical narrative, the Israelite nation spent the forty years
after the Exodus in the deserts of the Sinai Peninsula and south and east
of the Dead Sea and the Jordan River.
(Note to other contributors:
The question asks where they went, not whether it happened. A direct answer
to the question is given, and its source is identified.
Consider: When the correct time is requested, there is no need for a dissertation
on the subject of how to build a clock.)
At that time, the Hebrews were slaves in Egypt.
They had a movement with Exodus to Egypt.
After the Pharaoh died, and the new Pharaoh took over, they were enslaved.
The Hebrews were bound for the Promised Land (Canaan) after they left Egypt. However, due to their negativity and fear of the inhabitants of Canaan, they ended up wandering in the desert for forty years.
The people who left were the Hebrews. They left to be free in the Promised Land. The native Egyptians remained behind.
God took them out of Egypt with wonders and miracles (Exodus ch.12-13).
Because they wanted a better area to live in and wanted to know the world more.
Fifty.
The Israelites did not escape. They left Egypt in an orderly fashion, with their livestock, after receiving Pharaoh's permission to do so (Exodus ch.12).
No. Egypt was around thousands of years before the Hebrews ever arrived.
According to the Bible, all the Hebrew people who left Egypt died in the wilderness, apart from Joshua and Caleb. However, all their decendents are said to have gone to Canaan. However, a near consensus of scholars is reported to believe that there never was an Exodus of Hebrew people from Egypt, as described in the Bible. If the Hebrews did not leave Egypt under Moses, they did not go to Canaan.
The people that fled from Egypt, under reign of Pharaoh Ramses II, were Hebrews, led by Moses of the Old Testament.