I believe you are asking about the concept of emptiness, which many people think of as nothingness. This concept is really misunderstood because of people shorting the name of the concept. What this is really called is emptiness of inherent existence. It is a logical argument made by the Buddha to show how eveything is connected and how each and every action affects all others. I can explain a part of it but it is complex.
This concept says that all compounded things, like trees, dogs, people, insects, etc, are made up of other constitute things (smaller pieces). Because compounded things are made up of other smaller things you can not say that any thing comes into existence by itself or exists by itself. Therefore each and every person, plant or animal exists only because the right circumstances came together to form it and nothing springs into existence. Now when you think about the "right circumstances" This means everything in the world because each and every action affects everything around it. This is best described by the movie It's a wonderful life, where the character who is about to commit suicude and an angle show him how everything would be different if he was not born.
The point the Buddha was making here is that everything is connected and becuase of that we need to be mindful of our thoughts, speech and actions so as to not hurt others.
There are no rituals in Buddhism. Infact Buddhism is against rituals. Buddhism is nothing but morality.
Nothing
Buddhism has nothing to do with the church buildings. Buddhism deals with the pagodas, monasteries and nunneries only.
Nothing. Although Tibetan Buddhism believes that the Buddha taught astrology.
Nothing as far as I can see. Buddhism is a religion. A Shogun is a military ruler in Japan.
There is no relationship between Buddhism and Physics. There is nothing in Buddhism that either suggests any physical laws of the universe and nothing in the Buddha's teachings contradict the laws of physics. Now, in relationship to the psychological sciences. Buddhism and psychological sciences are highly aligned and in harmony. Over and over psychologists prove that what the Buddha taught about the mind and meditation is correct.
Arranged marriage is a cultural customary phenomenon. Religions often are modified slightly to fit the local cultures. Buddhism has nothing to do with arranged marriages.
There are many ways that Buddhism and Hinduism differ. One of the most major differences is that Buddhism requires the individuals to follow a disciplined life and to realize that nothing is of themselves. Hinduism is the belief that there is a higher level of life that requires a process to achieve this status.
You are referring to the concept "paramatma" or "atman". Every thing that has a begining has an end. Everything ceases. There is nothing permenent, so there is nothing eternal. Buddhism disagrees on that there is something that goes out after death or comes in on birth. But there is reincarnation, until one attains Nirvana, the ceassion of re-incarnation. Buddhism teaches the way to attain this exactly.
impermanence of all things. Nothing remains the same
The Four Noble Truths comprise the core ideas of Buddhism. They do not merely impact Buddhism, they are Buddhism. Everything in Buddhism springs from these tenets. If you can fully understand and embody the four truths, there is nothing else needed to attain enlightenment. Such is the nature of the Four Noble Truths.
There is no such thing as fate or destiny in Buddhism. Fate and destiny is connected with something being predestined by a God or other force. In Buddhism there is nothing to believe in. Buddhism has karma which mean all actions has a cause and an effect. What you have done in the past will give you a specific result at the present or in the future. Nothing more and nothing less. Sometimes people have forgotten past actions or do not understand the consequences of their actions. Therefore the result can be felt as it was predestined by some outer force. But it is merely a lack of understanding of how things actually are.