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David Hume was skeptical of metaphysics, arguing that many metaphysical claims go beyond human experience and empirical observation. He believed that knowledge should be rooted in sensory experience and that concepts lacking empirical verification, such as those concerning the nature of the self or causation, are not meaningful. Hume famously critiqued the idea of causation, asserting that we can only observe constant conjunctions of events rather than causal connections. Consequently, he viewed much of traditional metaphysics as speculative and lacking a solid foundation in reality.

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