The covenant between Jews and HaShem (The Creator) is referred to as "Avraham's Covenant". In terms of concept, there are several levels to this covenant.
There is also the 'brit milah' - male circumcision. It's with the brit milah that a Jewish male confirms the covenant that HaShem created with Avraham.
Additionally, a covenant between man and HaShem is an eternal covenant, it cannot be broken or ended.
Please see the related link for a detailed explanation.
The concept of the Ark of the Covenant is a Jewish concept.
If there were no covenant, the Jewish obligations to God, and the relationship with Him, might be viewed as optional. And we might worry that God could abrogate His promises.
The three major Jewish covenants are Noah's Covenant, Abraham's Covenant, the Mosaic Covenant (Moses' Covenant.)
Yes, according to the beliefs of Judaism, the Jewish people are considered to be God's chosen people. This concept is central to Jewish theology and is based on the covenant between God and the Israelites as described in the Hebrew Bible.
Adam and Eve are considered to be the first humans in the Bible, and they are not specifically identified as Jewish. The concept of Judaism as a religion and cultural identity developed later in history, with the establishment of the Israelite nation and the covenant with God through Moses.
Abraham
The covenant-relationship is the basis of Jewish beliefs and practices throughout history, since it binds us to the observance of the Torah.
Traditional Judaism only has one covenant. It is an agreement between G-d and the Jewish people.
Judaism is defined by a covenant between the Jewish people and God. Jewish tradition holds that this covenant was made at Mount Sinai, and that the Torah is the document that defines the terms of the covenant. The tradition identifies 613 mitzvot, commandments, in the Torah, and that Jews are obligated by these commandments as their part of the covenant.
There is no such Jewish concept.
According to Jewish chronology, it was made in 1312 BCE.
Abraham (Genesis ch.17).