We don't know where the ark is and it has never been in a synagogue. It had been in the temple in a room called the Holy of Holies.
It depends on the synagogue. But in most synagogues that have the pulpit in front (called a Beemah), you would see a large cabinet that holds the Torah scrolls. In synagogues with the Pulpit in the center of the room, there would be no "front" of the room.
It's called a synagogue congregation.
It's a small room in a synagogue.
In the Chapel Room or Sanctuary.
There are numerous synagogues in Mea Shearim. There is no "main one" -- as each community goes to its own synagogue.
A Shtibl is a small room used as a synagogue for hasidic Jews.
There is no special place in a synagogue called a "meeting place"
The largest Jewish Synagogue in the world is probably the Beiz Great Synagogue in Jerusalem, Israel. The main sanctuary can seat up to six thousand people.
There is no special word for the steps in a synagogue. You may be thinking of the raised platform in the front or center of the chapel which is called a bima.
If you're referring to the main entrance hall its called the hotel lobby.
Siddurim.