the sanctity of life
Different Jews may have different answers on this. Most will probably say that the Torah is the most important document, but others believe that the Talmud is more important to daily life than the Torah is.
Predestination
There are several, most importantly the Torah and the Talmud. Most other examples would best be classed as one or the other (laws or teachings), not both. See also:More about the TorahMore about the Talmud
Muhammad is not Hindu, he is Muslim. His most important teaching (for Islam) is usually believed to be the Unity of God or Tawhid.
the most important holiday of the jewish religion is hanukkah
who is the most inportant teacher of christianity
"Important" is a opinion
I must assume you are going into teaching and if so you need to answer this question. Your reasons for teaching are important for you to know and are founded on your teaching philosophy.
There is no one most important person to the Jewish people. Jewish history contains accounts of literally thousands of leaders, sages, and heroes.
We don't a 'teaching priest' in Judaism.
teaching
The Talmud.