It is called 'Fatwa'.
fatwa: "a legal opinion or decree handed down by an Islamic religious leader" (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary) or irade:
Pork
The definition of the word "fatwa" in the Islamic faith is the legal judgement that a qualified jurist can make regarding issues of Islamic law. In other words, it is a formal legal opinion.
Haideh Mohgissi has written: 'Feminism and Islamic fundamentalism' -- subject(s): Feminism, Islam, Islamic countries, Islamic fundamentalism, Legal status, laws, etc. (Islamic law), Muslim women, Religious aspects, Religious aspects of Feminism, Social conditions, Women
It seems like the question is looking for the answer "Caliph". Caliphs used to be the "Pope of Sunni Islam". They were religious leaders and political leaders, although they were more often one than the other. (In the early period, the Rashidun Caliphs were both, the Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphs were more political than the religious, and the Seljuk and Ottoman Caliphs were more religious than political.) There has been no Caliph since the abolition of the Caliph in Istanbul by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1936. There are numerous varieties of religious non-political Islamic leaders such as Imams (Islamic Priests), Qadis (Islamic Judges), Mullahs (Islamic "Bishops"), Faqihs (Islamic Jurists), 'Alems (Islamic Scholars), Ayatollahs (Shiite Islamic "Patriarchs"), and Muftis (Islamic "Archbishops"). While they may at times have political power, like the Ayatollahs of Iran, their primary function is not political. Most Islamic scholars believe that there should be a divorce between the actual rulers and the Islamic religious leadership so that Islam cannot be blunted and warped to defend immoral political practices. There are also numerous varieties of political non-religious Islamic leaders such as Sultans, Kings, Emirs, Presidents, Prime Ministers, Ministers, Governors, etc. While these individuals may have religious authority, this is not their primary function. An example of this religious function is that Sultan Suleiman I created an Ottoman Legal Code based on Qur'anic values which has been upheld by the Qadis and the Faqihs as a valid interpretation of Islamic Law.
Philip Obinna Aguh has written: 'Shari'a and the legal status of non-muslims in Islamic states in the days of Mahomet' -- subject(s): Dhimmis (Islamic law), Religious minorities, Legal status, laws
A government ruled by a religious leader is called a theocracy. In a theocracy, the leader is believed to have divine authority and religious laws often dictate the governance and legal system of the country. This system can be seen in countries like Iran and Vatican City.
The traditional Islamic jurists opinion is that theprinciple of separate legal entity does not exist in Islam. It is for a very simplefact that a company which is regarded as 'a person' is only a fictitious person andonly an imaginary person, as such, has no capacity to engage in any commercial transaction. However, some Islamic jurists like Mufti Taqi Usmani of Pakistan is of the opinion that in some cases the concept of separate legal entity is recognized in Islam. He gave instances of waqf and baitulmal.Waqf is a legal and religious institution wherein a person dedicates some of hisproperties for a religious or a charitable purpose. Baitulmal means public treasury.The properties after being declaredas Waqf, no longer remain in the ownership of the donor. The beneficiaries of aWaqf can benefit from the corpus or the proceeds of the dedicated property, but theyare not its owners.Mufti Usmani says that it seems that the Muslimjurists have treated the waqf' as a legal entity and have ascribed to it some characteristics similar to those of a natural person.
Sharia is the define code in the islamic law
It's called shariah. It is based on legal passages in the Quran as well as anecdotes about the Prophet Muhammad (these anecdotes are called hadith). Because Muhammad was not only a religious but also a political leader, he created laws which not only governed religious life but also secular matters such as wills, divorce settlements, contract law and so on. The people in seventh-century Arabia for whom these laws were first made found them to be very advanced and a great improvement on the legal provisions they had before.
a. Islamic law was more tolerant in defining the legal position of women.
a. Islamic law was more tolerant in defining the legal position of women.