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The name is: "allegorical interpretation".

That means, looking into the text for a deeper meaning than its literal sense.

The approach probably originated with the Greek philosophers before the 5th century B.C. in Alexandria. They interpreted the Greek mythologies as allegories that contain higher religious truths.

The Jews at Alexandria probably learned this approach and applied it to their Scripture (the Hebrew Law, Prophets and Writings, i.e. the Jewish Bible). Aristobulus, an Alexandrian Jewish philosopher, used allegorical interpretation to show that the writings of Moses contained ideas that are paralleled in the philosophy of Aristotle. Philo, another Alexandrian Jew, taught that Scripture has a two-fold meaning, the literal and the allegorical.

The practice carried over into later Jewish hermeneutics. The rabbis interpreted portions of the Hebrew Scripture allegorically, and this is seen in the Targums, Midrash and Halakah. More extreme forms are seen in the Kabbalah of the Middle Ages.

Early Christians also practised allegorical interpretation. Origen, an early Church Father, taught that Scripture has four senses.

These allegorical approaches probably developed because it was felt that every aspect of the historical narratives must contain some kind of divine truth, or else it would not be recorded in Scripture.

Related term: An "allegory" is a piece of writing that conveys meaning other than its literal sense.

It is to be differentiated from "parable", "symbol", "sign", "type", "metaphor", etc. These concepts may be overlapping in some ways, but each is a different literary device.

Jewish answer:In response to the above answer, it should be noted that the writings of Philo and other Alexandrian Jews (or Greek philosophers) are never quoted in Jewish sources. The tradition of allegorical interpretation is as old as the Torah itself, since the 3300-year-old Oral Torah includes a significant number of allegorical meanings of Torah-verses. The Torah has always been taught in simple and deeper meanings (simple; allusion; deep hints; mystical) side-by-side.

Allegorical Torah-interpretations are called Midrashim (though not every midrash is allegorical, and not every non-midrashic teaching uses the simple meaning).

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