It is the Vatican
No, they are not the same. The Vatican is the home of the Holy See or Holy Seat, which refers to the location of the bishop of Rome - the Pope. Just like the United States is the name of the country but not the name of the government. The government runs the United States but is not the United States. The "See" of the government is the United States.
The name comes from Mons Vaticanus, the hill upon which the Vatican is built.
In Vatican City, thus the name Vatican Council II.
No it is on the Vatican Hill, hence the name.
No, Jesus Christ is not named in the US Constitution. The Government of the United States is secular. It derives its power from the consent of man. It is a Government with which God has nothing whatever to do.
Vatican is the name of an independent country, not of a church.
The current (2014) head of state of the Vatican is Pope Francis.
Presidental Government
Presidental Government
The Sistine Chapel is one of many found in the Vatican but the most famous.
The Sistine Chapel.