What is the name of the Catholic belief that the Consecrated Bread and Wine is truly the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ?

Answer 1

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Roman Catholic Answer

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It isn't really a process, it is more a miracle, and it is called transubstantiation when God changes the entire substance of bread and wine and replaces them with the substance of Our Blessed Lord. After the consecration, what appears to be Bread and Wine are now referred to as the Eucharist.

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from The Catechism of the Catholic Church, second edition, English translation 1994

1376 The Council of Trent summarizes the Catholic faith by declaring: "Because Christ our Redeemer said that it was truly his body that he was offering under the species of bread, it has always been the conviction of the Church of God, and this holy Council now declares again, that by the consecration of the bread and wine there takes place a change of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ the Lord and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of his blood. This change the holy Catholic Church has fittingly and properly called transubstantiation.

Note: perhaps this might be easier to understand. Saint Thomas Aquinas described everything that exists as having two parts, the substance, and the accidents. For instance, water has the substance of water, but its accidents vary depending on its state: ice, liquid water, steam. Likewise, wood has different accidents if it is burned (ashes) or used to build something, etc. In all of these examples, the substance (wood) remains the same, while the accidents (wet, hard, soft, brown, clear, etc.) change. The word "transubstantiation" refers to this same set of substance and accidents, but in this case, the reverse is true, the accidents of the bread (the color, texture, taste, etc.) remain the same while the substance changes from bread to Jesus Christ through a miracle of God.

Answer

The idea that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist is called the Real Presence. "Transubstantiation" is a specifically Catholic explanation of HOW Christ is present under the appearance of bread and wine.

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Answer 2

Catholic Answer
The belief is called Transubstantiation. After transubstantiation, NO bread or wine remains, only the accidents or outward appearance.

from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980

Transubstantiation. The complete change of the substance of bread and wine into the substance of Christ’s body and blood by a validly ordained priest during the consecration at Mass, so that only the accidents of bread and wine remain. While the faith behind the term was already believed in apostolic times, the term itself was a later development. With the Eastern Fathers before the sixth century, the favored expression was meta-ousiosis, “the change of being”; the Latin tradition coined the word transubstantiatio, “change of substance”, which was incorporated into the creed of the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. The Council of Trent, in defining the “wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the body, and the whole substance of the wine into the blood” of Christ, added “which conversion the Catholic Church calls transubstantiation” (Denzinger 1652). After transubstantiation, the accidents of bread and wine do not inhere in any subject or substance whatever. Yet they are not make-believe; they are sustained in existence by divine power. (Etym. Latin trans-, so as to change + substantia, substance: transubstantiatio, change of substance.)

Answer 3

The Eucharist.