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The Abbassids were inordinately weak by the time of the Seljuk Empire. They had already been conquered by the Persian Buyids and restricted to partial sovereignty in Baghdad and the neighboring environs. The Seljuks defeated the Buyids, wresting Mesopotamia away from them in 1055. From 1055-1157, Baghdad and the surrounding region was nominally Abbassid, but under full Seljuk control, even though there was an unsuccessful Abbassid rebellion in 1135. From 1157-1258, when the Mongols smashed it to the ground, the Abbassid Caliphate was once again independent. The Seljuk Empire collapsed even earlier, in 1194, and its territory was primarily swallowed up by the Sultanate of Khwarezm, which the Mongols also smashed to the ground.

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