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The Temple was a place of Torah and halakha (legislation), offering of sacrifices, and prayer.
1) Offering of sacrifices: sacrifices were one of the ways of serving God; a type of manifest prayer. They consisted of bullocks, goats, sheep, rams, turtle-doves, or fine flour, accompanied by an offering of oil and of wine (see Numbers ch.15).
Some of the ideas included in the sacrifices are: gratitude (the Shelamim-offering, Leviticus ch.3), dedication to God (the Olah-offering, Leviticus ch.1), celebration (the Hagigah-offering during Festivals), atonement (the sin-offerings, Leviticus ch.4-5), and public worship (the offerings in Numbers ch.28-9).
Our traditions teach that as long as the sacrifices were offered in the Temple, the world was blessed (Talmud, Ketubot 10b) and atoned for (Sukkah 55b).
2) Prayer: A number of synagogues were incorporated into the structures of the Temple Mount, and there were always people praying there (just like today at the Western Wall).
3) Legislation: the greatest Sanhedrin (court of Torah-sages) was located within the Temple Mount. They were the final authority on questions of halakha (Torah-law).

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