This would depend upon which form of Christianity and even then, the definition and effects of a sacrament are not the same.
In the Catholic Church there are Seven Sacraments instituted by Christ for the especial transmission of grace that He merited by His death on the Cross. These sacraments are:
Baptism
Confession
Eucharist
Confirmation
Marriage
Holy Orders
Extreme Unction
Of the above, 3 place a permanent character on the soul and so can only be received once. These are Baptism, Confirmation and Holy Orders. Marriage is a sacrament that, when validly conferred, cannot be entered into again until the death of one of the parties. These sacraments have been preserved and administered by the Church since its founding and are surrounding with specific rituals and prayers for their correct administering.
Catholicism & Christianity
Most Christian religions recognize sacraments but not all recognize the same sacraments. The only Christian faiths that recognize sacraments are the following: The Roman Catholic Church, The Orthodox Christians, the Anglican Church including the Episcopal Church, all branches of Lutheranism, all branches of the United Methodist Church, the Presbyterian and Reform Churches, the United Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ. The Baptist Churches including both the American & Southern Baptist churches do not recognize or celebrate the sacraments. The Mormons and all the Pentecostal and fundamentalist churches, like the Assembly of God also do not recognize any sacraments.
The Catholic and Orthodox churches recognize them still.
They recognize it as a symbol of Christianity, but it has no meaning in Judaism.
None.
Confession, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick.
It is not biblical but of men. Pope Innocent the III introduced the 7 sacraments in 1215 AD, along with annual confessions. Today mainstream Christianity still adheres to them.
Protestant churches only recognize two sacraments: Baptism and Communion. Baptism begins one's membership in the Church.
Christianity, Judaism and Islam
The main differences between Catholic and Orthodox sacraments lie in the understanding of the role of the Pope, the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and the number of sacraments recognized. The Catholic Church recognizes the Pope as the head of the Church, uses unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and acknowledges seven sacraments. In contrast, the Orthodox Church does not recognize the Pope's authority, uses leavened bread in the Eucharist, and recognizes more than seven sacraments.
As long as the person remains separated and does not remarry, he/she is able to receive the sacraments. The Catholic Church does not recognize divorce.
The sacraments that you are referring to are Christian elements. Given the nature of the celebration, Jewish people do not do this. This is a peculiarly Christian thing and is not found in Judaism.