What scripture passage illustrates the Greek obsession with philosophy?

Answer 1

Philosophical discussions were all the rage (Acts 17:21) and looking for what they considered 'wisdom' was a constant feature of Greek culture(1 Corinthians 1:22-25).

Greek Philosophy was common in the days of the apostles, and had slipped into parts of the Christian congregation(Colossians 2:8)
Stoics believed that happiness could only be found if one lived in accord with reason and nothing else mattered.

Epicureans believed obtaining pleasure in life was the most important thing. Their motto was "let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we are to die."
(Acts 17:18+19)(1 Corinthians 15:32)

Paul commented that the 'wisdom of this world' is foolishness with God(1 Corinthians 3:18-20), and it was prevalent enough for him to warn Timothy against listening to it.(1 Timothy 6:20)

Answer 2

Probably more than any other Bible passage, John 1:1: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."

From Heraclitus to Aristotle, the Logos (Word) was defined and redefined as a reason that was always present in the universe. Stoic philosophy said that the Logos was the active reason pervading the universe and animating it; conceived of as material and usually identified with God or Nature. In this way, the Greek philosophers were moving away from the ancient Greek gods towards pantheism.

The author of John's Gospel received the Greek philosophical idea of the Logos and incorporated it into his image of Jesus.