The answer depends on how far back you would like to go. In essence there were two main covenants involving the nation of Israel. The first would be the Abrahamic covenant established between God himself and Abraham in the year 1943 BCE (at the time known as Abram).
At Genesis 12:1-3 God tells Abraham that he will make him a "great nation" (Israel) and by means of this nation the entire world would be blessed. The specifics of the land that this great nation would inhabit are enlarged upon at Genesis 13:14-18. Note that the Abrahamic Covenant had no "expiration" date, but was to extend through an unspecified period of time until it accomplished the purpose it had been established for: all nations living in blessed harmony with God as stated at Genesis 17:3-8 (incidentally the 17th chapter of Genesis also establishes the Covenant of Circumcision which was a means to identify those who had entered into the covenant made with Abram).
Then there is the Law Covenant established with the nation of Israel and mediated by Moses. After an extend period under the subjugation of Egypt God led the Israelites towards the lands he had promised they would inhabit (by then the Israelites numbered perhaps about 2 million). In 1513 BCE, 430 years after the Abrahamic covenant's establishment, and as we read at Exodus Chapter 17, the nation of Israel agreed to the Law Covenant (often referred to as the Mosaic Law).
The Law was intended for several purposed including: to organize the Israelites as a nation, lead the nation to the Messiah (who would be the key descendant of Abraham that would make it possible for 'all nations to be blessed' ) and to keep them free from pagan practices.
When the Messiah was born into the world his perfect way of living and devotion to God fulfilled the Law. In fact God, through the prophet Jeremiah, had already told the nation that at some time in the future the Law would no longer be in force (Jeremiah 31:31-34). The Messiah's eventual sacrifice made the Law invalid along with its animal sacrifices and ritual atonements. The Christ's blood was worth far more than the blood of the animals upon which the Law was based. Now Christ would act as the mediator between sinners and God (Colossians 2:8-17).
So the Law Covenant came to an end after Jesus sacrifice (see also Matt. 27:51; Mark 15:38; Luke 23:45) but the Abrahamic Covenant continues, again, until its intended purpose has been accomplished: all nations of the world being blessed.
The solemn agreement between God and the Israelites is known as the "Covenant" or the "Covenant of Moses." It outlined the terms of their relationship, including God's promises to the Israelites and their responsibilities in return.
The israellites agreed to follow goods
The covenant is that the Israelites will obey the Torah and God will treasure them. See Exodus 19:3-5, and Deuteronomy 26:16-19.
They believed that the giving of the commandments reaffirmed their covenant with god.
God established a covenant with the Israelites, known as the Mosaic Covenant, which included the Ten Commandments and other laws. This covenant served as a set of guidelines for the Israelites to follow in order to maintain their relationship with God and be distinct among the nations as his chosen people.
Moses sealed the covenant by sacrificing animals and sprinkling their blood on the altar and the people. This ritual symbolized the binding agreement between God and the Israelites.
No personal covenant is mentioned with Moses. Rather, God made a covenant between Himself and the Israelites, including Moses (Exodus 34:27). This covenant requires that the Israelites obey the Torah (Exodus 19:5, Leviticus ch.26, Deuteronomy ch. 28 and 31). Nonetheless, it will never cease to exist (Leviticus 26:44). However, it does have a "conditional" nature to it as most contracts do. If the Israelites fulfill their half of the agreement, God will bless them and provide for them. If the Israelites do not fulfill their half of the agreement, God will curse them and destroy them. Many Religious Jews see the Diasporic Nature of the Jewish Community to be evidence of a general failure for Jews (the descendants of the Israelites) to uphold the agreement made between Moses and God.
It is called the B'rit, translated as the Covenant. Exodus ch.19. See also:What_is_the_covenant_of_the_Hebrew_people
The Israelites are considered to be God's chosen people because according to the Bible, God made a covenant with them through their ancestor Abraham. This covenant promised that they would be a special people to God, and that God would bless them and protect them. The Israelites were chosen to be a light to the nations and to bring about God's plan for salvation.
The Mosaic covenant follows the Israelites' liberation from slavery in Egypt and their journey through the wilderness. After the Exodus, at Mount Sinai, God establishes this covenant, providing the Ten Commandments and other laws to guide the Israelites' relationship with Him and each other. This covenant signifies a formal agreement between God and His people, emphasizing their unique identity and responsibilities as His chosen nation.
In the Bible, the foreskin is symbolically associated with the covenant between God and the Israelites. Circumcision, the removal of the foreskin, was a sign of this covenant and a mark of belonging to God's chosen people. It represented purity, obedience, and commitment to God's laws.
The items in the Ark of the Covenant, such as the Ten Commandments, hold great religious and historical significance. They are believed to represent the covenant between God and the Israelites in the religious context. Historically, the Ark symbolizes the presence of God among the Israelites and is seen as a powerful symbol of faith and divine protection.