Egypt (مصر) is mentioned in Quran
As you are asking about countries not cities,then the only country that is mentioned in the Holy Quran is Egypt.
The only companion who is explicitly mentioned in the holy Quran by name is Zaid Ben Al-Haretha. He is mentioned only once by his first name "Zaid" in Surat Al-Ahzab.
The only companion whose name is mentioned explicitly in the holy Quran is Zaid Ibin Harethah,( His first name "Zaid" is mentioned in Surat Al-Ahzab).
Only 3 times Zabur of Prophet Dawud(David) is mentioned in the holy Quran.
Asiya is not mentioned by name anywhere in the holy Quran. The only female who is mentioned explicitly by name is Mariam (Mary).
The name Mariam (Mary) is mentioned 34 times . However, She is the only female who is explicitly mentioned in the holy Quran.
Zaid Bin Harethah. His first name "Zaid" is mentioned explicitly in in the 37th verse of Surat Al-Ahzab.
The only lady whose name is explicitly mentioned in the Holy Quran & for many times is the virgin Mary, May Allah be pleased with her.
The name of the fasting month "Ramadan" is explicitly mentioned in the holy Quran only once.
As far as I know there are only two mosques mentioned in the Holy Quran they are Madjid Al-Haram in Mecca and Masjid Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem.
The word (PBUH) was mentioned at once only.