They are known as Jews.
Hebrew people later became called Israelites, then Judaeans, then Jews. Today they are called Jews.
Jesus Christ.
King Solomon of the Israelites was noted for wisdom.
Canaan (now known as Israel).
The Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were Hebrews. Jacob took or was given the name Israel, and his descendants were known as the Children of Israel or Israelites (they were still Hebrews, of course). One of the tribes of the Israelites, descended from Judah, was known as the Judaites. The Judaite kingdom was the last surviving Israelite kingdom, and the survivors of the destruction of that kingdom came to be known as Jews, who still call themselves Israelites and Children of Israel, and who are still Hebrews.
The long journey during which Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt and back to Canaan is known as the Exodus.
The Israelites lived in the region now known as Israel, plus in some extra territory that's around Israel but not in it now.
The Israelites weren't known as mariners or traders; mostly farmers. The Phoenicians were the traders around the Mediterranean Sea.
Because they were the descendants of Yaakov (Jacob), who was also known as Israel.
there was Joshua and moses that were the first two to be known quite evidently.
The people around whom the Torah focuses are the Jews, also known as Israelites.