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Apart from Jerusalem, most of the population of the cities in first century Palestine were gentiles. The Jews were concentrated in Jerusalem and in the villages and smaller towns of Judea and in the villages and smaller towns of Galilee. Caesarea was the second most important city and tended to be the seat of government for the Roman rulers. Space was at a premium and buildings were close together. Not all cities were walled, since the imperial power guaranteed safety, however the older cities, especially Jerusalem, were.

Jerusalem was heavily fortified, as demonstrated by the four years it took the Roman army to enter it at the end of the First Roman-Jewish War. In fact, had it not been for the bloody civil war that took place within Jerusalem while the Romans beseiged the walls, the Romans could have taken even longer to enter the city. Much of Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans at the end of the war.

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