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Arguably, the Roman Catholic Church began in Rome. Prior to the Great Schism of 1054, there was a one Christian Church that included both the Latin, or 'Catholic' west and the Greek-speaking, Orthodox east, with decisions made jointly by Councils of bishops. The Council of Nicaea determined that the bishop of Rome would have control of the western district and the bishop of Constantinople would control much of the eastern part of Christianity. Alexandria was to have constituted a third centre, but subsequently broke away as the Coptic Church, then lost significance under Muslim rule.

The Schism resulted in separation of Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, with the former ruled from Rome and the latter from Constantinople.

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