The particular failing of man that resulted in the building of the ark was widespread wickedness and moral corruption. According to the biblical account in Genesis, humanity had become exceedingly evil, with thoughts and intentions focused on wrongdoing. God's grief over this pervasive sinfulness led Him to decide to cleanse the earth with a flood, instructing Noah to build the ark to save his family and pairs of each animal species. This act underscored the consequences of human disobedience and the need for divine judgment.
A FLOOD
The designer of a building or structure is the "architect" ("ARK-ih-tekt")
After the ark ordered by God was built, the heavy rains and flood came seven days later. The construction of the ark took about 120 years. The Story of Noah's Ark can be found in the book of Genesis.
You don't say which government, but it doesn't matter. No they aren't.
It wasn't really Noah's Ark that removed the darkness that was in the world but the waters of judgment sent by God. Noah is also only recorded as having built one ark. It was a huge vessel. After the flood event Noah had work to do which did not include ark building.
He tied it to a tall pole and let it hang from there.
The fastest constructed building is the Ark Hotel in Changsha, China, which was built in just 48 hours. This innovative building used prefabricated modules that were assembled on-site to achieve such a quick construction time.
Noah ark traveled a long distance in those 40 days . It landed in turkey.
Hal-Bobb
No, so far as we know, Noah did not build his ark in the Victorian style. Would be kind of hard since Queen Victoria (who was alive thousands of years after Noah) started that particular style.
The Holy Ark in a synagogue may have any appropriate Hebrew quote above it; or it may have none. There's no specific requirement. If there is a particular ark's quotation that you wish for someone on this site to translate, please submit a separate question asking what that phrase (identifying it) means.
In Exodus 25:10-15, God revealed to Moses how the Ark (or tabernacle) was to be transported. He specifically ordered that there were to be rings on all four corners and four rings on each of the two sides. There were to be staves (long shittim sticks or poles) that are stuck through the rings in order to carry the Ark. David did not use these instructions, instead he transported the Ark on a cart pulled by oxen (2 Sam 6:3-6), which resulted in the Ark being jolted and Uzzah's death from attempting to steady it.