Pope Julius III, see the New Advent article below:
The color of the vestments of the pope, or any priest or bishop, depends on the liturgical season. During Lent or Advent the vestments are violet.
The feast of St. Valentine of February 14 was first established in 496 by Pope Gelasius I.
Line of demarcation.
Pope Gregory founds schola cantorum Schools for church music are established Gregorian chant established as the standard Development of neumes
The creation of the Holy Roman Empire restored the alliance between the pope and the emperor which had been established between Pope Leo III and Charlemagne. Pope John XII and Otto signed a document which declared the pope was the head of the church and Otto was the secular protector of the church.
The Church of England, or Anglican Church
Queen elizabeth
The Church of England, or Anglican Church
The office of Pope was not formally established until decades after the crucifixion. However tradition has it that Peter became the first Pope, so yes he knew Jesus before the crucifixion, but he was not yet Pope then. He specifically and emphantically denied knowing Jesus during the crucifixion!
No, Pope Clement VII lived in Rome. Vatican City was not established as a city-state at the time. The Vatican was founded as an independent city-state in 1929.
advent wreath advent candles