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A:According to The Bible, the Israelites demanded a king and as a result Saul was appointed as king of a united monarchy of all Israel. He was followed by Kings David and Solomon.

Lester L Grabbe (Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?) says there is sufficient evidence to assert that Saul, David and Solomon existed, but that some early passages in the Bible such as 1 Samuel 22:6 (which describes Saul as holding court under a tree, not in a palace or even a long-house) point to Saul as merely a tribal chieftain. Scholarly views are divided as to whether even David and Solomon could be considered kings in the traditional sense, or as local chieftains or warlords. Grabbe's emphatic view is that if indeed there was a United Monarchy, it was not as the Bible pictures it.

It is now becoming the consensus of historians that there was no United Monarchy of Israel. On this view, Saul, David, and Solomon might have been local warlords in the Judah region, but not even kings with undisputed power in a united Judah. H M Niemann (cited in English by Grabbe) has argued that Omri was the first king of Israel, in the ninth century BCE and only in the northern kingdom, a view that is currently attracting considerable attention among historians.

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