Cyrus conquered Babylon.
the Babylonians
The Babylonians took th country of judah into a long exile.
The two civilizations that were responsible for defeating Israel and Judah were the Assyrians and the Babylonians. The Assyrians conquered the northern kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, leading to its fall and the exile of many Israelites. Later, the Babylonians defeated the southern kingdom of Judah in 586 BCE, culminating in the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of the Jewish people to Babylon.
The fall of the Southern Kingdom of Israel (or Kingdom of Judah) was recorded in 587 BCE. This was when the Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar broke through the walls of Jerusalem (2 Kgs 25:3-4). One month later, the Babylonians burned down the Temple of Solomon (2 Kgs 25:8-9). In 582 BCE the Babylonians deported the remaining people into exile.
People in Iraq are the present Babylonians.
The Babylonians conquered Jerusalem and destroyed the First Temple. They exiled many Israelites to Babylon, known as the Babylonian Captivity or Babylonian exile, which lasted for about 70 years until the Persian Empire overthrew Babylon and allowed the Israelites to return to their homeland.
The nation that threatened Judah during the time of Jeremiah was Babylonia, specifically the Neo-Babylonian Empire led by King Nebuchadnezzar. The Babylonians invaded Judah multiple times and eventually destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BCE, leading to the Babylonian exile of the Jewish people.
The particular invasion of Judah being referenced was performed by the Babylonians in 586 B.C.E. Large numbers of Judeans were deported to the city of Babylon, especially the Judean aristocracy.
The fate of the ten lost tribes and Judah differed over time. The ten lost tribes were exiled by the Assyrians and largely assimilated into other cultures, while Judah was conquered by the Babylonians and later returned to the land of Judah. The people of Judah eventually became known as Jews, while the ten lost tribes' fate remains a mystery.
Just as God had commanded Israel to keep the 7th day a sabbath rest and do no work on it, so they were supposed to also let the land have it's sabbath rest by letting it lie fallow and not using it every 7th year. However, this sabbath rest for the land had not been done in Judah for 490 years, so God caused the Babylonians to invade Judah, take the people to Babylon as captives , and leave the land desolate for 70 years to ensure the land had it's due sabbath rest.
The period that began after the fall of Judah in 597 BCE is known as the Babylonian exile. The Babylonians, under King Nebuchadnezzar, captured Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple, and exiled many of the people of Judah to Babylon. This marked a significant shift in Jewish history and had lasting effects on the development of Judaism.
The Lion of Judah from the Christian Bible.