The Dutch took control of the spice trade from the Portugese in the fifteenth century.
During the early 1400s, the spice trade was primarily controlled by Arab and Venetian traders. They monopolized the routes and distribution networks, bringing spices from the East, particularly from regions like India and the Spice Islands, to European markets. This dominance continued until the rise of Portuguese exploration in the late 15th century, which eventually shifted control over the spice trade.
Yes. They were the primary movers of spices in the 1400s.
The Spice Islands, also known as the Moluccas, were controlled by the Dutch during the 17th century. The Dutch East India Company established a monopoly on the spice trade in the region, particularly for nutmeg and cloves.
Arabs
Italian city-states controlled trade on the Mediterranean Sea during the late Middle Ages.
Marco Polo and his trading company
Indonesian spice pirates
Indonesia.
Italy
The most important spice during the Middle Ages was black pepper. It was a very valuable commodity in the European spice trade.
Italy as a united country has never controlled trade with Arabs. The city-state of Venice controlled the spice trade along with the Arabs in 1500s and 1600s, but most other forms of trade in Italy were dispersed throughout different provinces at different time periods.
spice trade was controlled from europ to china and beyond by sea and ground.