Abraham is conventionally considered the father of monotheism, but there were no Israelites in Abraham's time. Abraham's grandson, Jacob was given the name Israel after he wrestled with someone (his brother? an angel? God?) at the Ford of Jabbok. His children were literally the Children of Israel, and the 12 tribes descending from him are collectively referred to as Israelites. Reading this question narrowly, Jacob was the first to teach his children monotheism, something he learned from his father who learned it from Abraham.
They were the first group in the middle east to practice monotheism (or at least monolatry, which is an early form of monotheism).
Yes
No, there were many major religions before it that taught monotheism. Judaism is an obvious example.
the hebrews
Persia did not have a monotheistic religion. Zoroastrianism had two gods - Ahura Mazda and his adversary Aura Mainyu.
The animisim came first, then the polytheism and then the monotheism
Henry More first used the word monotheism in a work published in 1660.
No, but her husband Akenarten did worship one god (the Arten) and this may be the first instance of monotheism.
Urmonotheismus (German for "primeval monotheism") or primitive monotheism is the hypothesis of a monotheistic Urreligion, from which non-monotheistic religions degenerated and is supported by a number of scholars. Judeo-Christian scripture supports this view. Evolutionary biologists argue for Judeo-Christian scriptures as mythology so dismiss them out-of-hand. They argue preanimism, then animism, totemism, polytheism and finally monotheism developed based on the archeolological evidence; however, the physical evidence does not "prove" that the first modern humans were not monotheists... it's just their best guess after dismissing ancient manuscripts that assert it as myth.
no
Moses
Jacob was the first leader.