There is a general law to "help your poor brother" (Deuteronomy ch. 15). The amount of charity one should give is not specified, but the Sages have linked it to the command to tithe one's flock, as alluded to in Genesis (last verse of ch.28). So one-tenth of profits, cash or otherwise, are to be given to charity.
Giving to charity (according to one's means) is a duty in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Jewish charity is called "Tzedakah", which can include both donating money and actually volunteering.
A Rabbi or a Cantor (or anyone for that matter) can interpret and teach the laws of Judaism.
Religious law within Judaism is called 'Halacha' and is recorded in the Talmud.
The Torah is the key to Judaism. It contains the history of Judaism, its morals, laws, ideology and outlook.
In Judaism, charity is called tzedaka, which is related to the word for righteousness (tzedek).
In the Torah.
Yes, the Torah is the basic text of Judaism, containing its beliefs and laws.
All of our western laws and values have been influenced to some extend by Judaism. This is because basically our laws are derived from the ten commandments.
No prophet revealed the basic laws of faith in judaism. Jewish tradition holds that G-d revealed the basic laws directly to the people at Mt. Sinai, in Egypt.
The laws of Judaism are called 'halacha' and can be found in the Talmud. See the attached Related Link.
Whatever they were, they still are. Jewish Law has not changed.We know what the laws of Judaism are, but they have never been ranked.We do not know which ones are more or less important than others.