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What is altari?
Italian word for altars. Altari was a legendary warrior who roamed the land, and ruled for some time, she brought the people out of poverty and gave them hope for the coming years. But she was also a very powerful person and could bring the world to it's knees.She did this once when her love was stolen from her and she burned the village responsible for his capture.The people at the time were not concered with this as she had brought a lot of good things to the world.But seeing the devestation she had caused she stepped down from the throne with her love and best friend and were never heard of again. But she could spell!
Was pope John xxiii named in reference of pope John xxii from Avignon as cite in Il nome della Rosa wrote by Umberto Eco?
The debate over the poverty of Christ and his apostles under Pope John XXII (1316-1334) is one of the most famous intellectual controversies of the Middle Ages. The previous pope named John was Pope John XXI. The last pope named John before that was Pope John XIX (1024-32), who was additionally really only the eighteenth pope named John. The story of the uncompromising pope on collision course with a united Franciscan Order has often been told, most memorably by Umberto Eco in The Name of the Rose. In this book, the author sets out to investigate the Franciscan Cardinal Bertrand de la Tour, a man apparently torn between the pope who was his patron and the Order to which he had devoted his life. His discovery of Bertrand's significance undermines the common scholarly understanding of this episode and of the character of John XXII himself. He provides a major reinterpretation of the apostolic poverty controversy that has far-reaching consequences for issues such as papal infallibility, natural rights theory, and Ockham's political writings.The religious bacground is ruled by the protagonists Pope John XXII (1249 - December 4, 1334),who was pope from 1316 to 1334. He was the second Pope of the Avignon Papacy. The Pope opposed Louis IV of Bavaria as emperor, and Louis, in turn invaded Italy, and set up an antipope, Nicholas V. Pope John XXII had set a constitution concerning the taxae sacrae poenitentiariae in which the pope exploited the sins of the religious in order to squeeze out more money by creating the indulgence. However the Franciscans had a vow of poverty and opposed this doctrine, thus the Pope wanted to declare them heretics because for him the Franciscan belief was not good in reorganizing the Church. Pope John, on the other hand, had need of large revenues, not only for the maintenance of his Court, but particularly for the wars in Italy. John XXII, Roman Catholic Pope from 1316 to 1334, was born at Cahors, France, in 1249. In 1300 he was elevated to the episcopal by Pope Boniface VIII at the instance of the king of Naples, and in 1308 was made chancellor of Naples by Charles, retaining this office under Charles's successor, Robert of Anjou. In 1310 Pope Clement V summoned Jacques to Avignon and instructed him to advise upon the affair of the Templars and also upon the question of condemning the memory of Boniface VIII. Jacques decided on the legality of suppressing the order of the Templars, holding that the pope would be serving the best interests of the Church by pronouncing its suppression; but he rejected the condemnation of Boniface as a sacrilegious affront to the Church and a monstrous abuse of the lay power. On the 23rd of December 1312 Clement appointed him cardinal-bishop of Porto, and it was while cardinal of Porto that he was elected pope, on the 7th of August 1316. John's pontificate was continually disturbed by his conflict with Louis of Bavaria and by the theological revolt of the Spiritual Franciscans. Louis was gradually recognized by the whole of Germany, especially after his victory at Mühldorf (1322), and gained numerous adherents in Italy, where he supported the Visconti, who had been condemned as heretics by the Pope. John affected to ignore the successes of Louis, and on the 8th of October 1323 forbade his recognition as king of the Romans. After demanding a respite, Louis abruptly appealed at Nuremberg from the future sentence of the pope to a general council (December 8, 1323). The doctrine of the rights of the lay monarchy sustained by William of Ockham and John of Paris, by Marsilius of Padua, John of Jandun and Leopold of Bamberg, was affirmed by the jurists and theologians, penetrated into the parlements and the universities, and was combated by the upholders of papal absolutism, such as Alvaro Pelayo and Alonzo Trionfo. Excommunicated on the 21st of March 1324, Louis retorted by appealing for a second time to a general council, which was held on the 22nd of May 1324, and accused John of being an enemy to the peace and the law, stigmatizing him as a heretic on the ground that he opposed the principle of evangelical poverty as professed by the strict Franciscans. From this moment Louis appeared in the character of the natural ally and even the protector of the Spirituals against the persecution of the Pope. On the 11th of July 1324 the Pope laid under an interdict the places where Louis or his adherents resided, but this bull had no effect in Germany. Equally futile was John's declaration (April 3, 1327) that Louis had forfeited his crown and abetted heresy by granting protection to Marsilius of Padua. In 1317, in execution of a bull of Clement V, the royal vicariate in Italy had been conferred by John on Robert of Anjou, and this appointment was renewed in 1322 and 1324, with threats of excommunication against any one who should seize the vicariate of Italy without the authorization of the Pope. One of John's last acts was his decision to separate Italy from the Empire, but this bull was of no avail and fell into oblivion. On the third Sunday in Advent 1329, and afterwards in public consistory, John had preached that the souls of those who have died in a state of grace go into Abraham's bosom, sub altari Dei, and do not enjoy the beatific vision (visio facie ad faciem) of the Lord until after the Last Judgment and the Resurrection; and he had even instructed a Minorite friar, Gauthier of Dijon, to collect the passages in the Fathers which were in favor of this doctrine. The theologians in Louis's following who were opposed to papal absolutism already spoke of "the new heretic, Jacques de Cahors", and reiterated with increasing insistency their demands for the convocation of a general council to try to change for another Pope. John appears to have retracted shortly before his death, which occurred on the 4th of December 1334. John had kindled very keen animosity, not only among the upholders of the independence of the lay power, but also among the upholders of absolute religious poverty, the exalted Franciscans. Clement V, at the council of Vienne, had attempted to bring back the Spirituals to the common rule by concessions; John, on the other hand, in the bull Quorundam exigit (April 3, 1317), adopted an uncompromising and absolute attitude, and by the bull Gloriosam ecciesiam (January 23, 1318) condemned the protests which had been raised against the bull Quorundam by a group of seventy-four Spirituals and conveyed to Avignon by the monk Bernard Délicieux. These were immediately hailed as martyrs, and in the eyes of the exalted Franciscans at Naples and in Sicily and the south of France the pope was regarded as antichrist. The bull Quia nonnunquam (March 26, 1322) defined the derogations from the rule punished by the pope, and the bull Cum inter nonnullos (November 12, 1323) condemned the proposition which had been admitted at the general chapter of the Franciscans held at Perugia in 1322, according to which Christ and the Apostles were represented as possessing no property, either personal or common. The Pope, by the bull Quia quorundam (November 10, 1324), cited Michael to appear at Avignon at the same time as Ockham and Bonagratia. All three fled to the court of Louis of Bavaria (May 26, 1328), while the majority of the Franciscans made submission and elected a general entirely devoted to the Pope. But the resistance, aided by Louis and merged as it now was in the cause sustained by Marsilius of Padua and John of Jandun, became daily bolder. Treatises on poverty appeared on every side; the party of Ockham clamored with increasing imperiousness for the condemnation of John by a general council; and the Spirituals, confounded in the persecution with the Beghards and with Fraticelli of every description, maintained themselves in the south of France in spite of the reign of terror instituted in that region by the Inquisition. Pope John XXII was involved in a theological controversy involving the beatific vision. John XXII continued this argument for a time in sermons while he was Pope, although he never taught this in official documents. Despite holding for many years a view widely held to be heretical, John XXII is not considered a heretic because in his day the doctrine he had contradicted had not been formally defined by the Church, a lacuna that his successor, Pope Benedict XII (1334-42), immediately filled by the encyclical Benedictus Deus, which formally defined this doctrine as part of Church teaching. Pope John XXII was also an excellent administrator and did much efficient in reorganizing the Church. John XXII has traditionally been credited with having composed the prayer 'Anima Christi, sanctifica me... On March 27, 1329 John XXII condemned many writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical in his papal bull In Agro Dominico. Probably because of the controversial antipope John XXIII, men avoided taking the regnal name John for over 600 years until the election of the other John XXIII. Immediately after John's election as Pope in 1958, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV, which he moved to immediately resolve by declaring that he would be known as John XXIII.
